What follows is a rewritten excerpt from a paper I wrote for my History and Theory of Historic Preservation class at Pratt last autumn.
Prospect Lefferts Gardens is Changing
As I was walking around, admiring the architecture in my neighborhood and feeling fine, I pondered the question of how landmark
historic districts relate to the cost of housing in Prospect Lefferts Gardens
(PLG), where I have lived for the past 11 years. I wondered
if historic districts drive rental/housing prices up, or if they help keep
prices stable. PLG is a small
neighborhood with three historic districts within its boundaries. Since
the buildings in the historic districts are protected (more or less), large-scale
housing developers, who haven't paid much attention to the neighborhood for
decades, are now focusing their attention on the areas surrounding the historic
districts. As a lover of old buildings, I originally thought maybe the
quality of the area's historic architecture (due to its landmark status) was
the main reason for the local rapid price increases and gentrification. In other words, I wondered if the historic
districts were so nice, it made the neighborhood more desirable to live
in.
But, I found out that things are far more
complicated than I thought, and it has to do with the history of Brooklyn and
the history of race relations in this country. Let's start with a basic
history of the neighborhood.
This is the first installment of a journey
through gentrification, if you will.
PLG Resident Groups Through
Time
Picture in your mind verdant forests filled with
huge trees, meadows, streams, and pleasant hills. The Wisconsin Ice Sheet had
receded, leaving Long Island behind. Native
peoples and all manner of non-human animals, birds, plants, and insects lived
here. As far as we know, Brooklyn
carried on more or less in a state of lush abundance from the end of the last
ice age until the early 1600’s. The
first white (Dutch) people arrived in the area and purchased land from the
Lenape people in the 1630’s. Prospect
Lefferts Gardens is today’s name for an area on the northern end of the
original Dutch village of Midwout (established in the 1650’s). The
village was renamed “Flatbush” in 1664, when the British took over. In
the 1800’s, the bustling country town of Flatbush was home to Erasmus Hall High
School (established in 1786) and Kings County Hospital (originally founded in
1830 as an almshouse for the poor). By the late 1800’s, with the urban expansion
of Brooklyn, the town-turned-neighborhood boasted several thriving theaters and
cinemas, including Lowes King’s Theatre, an opulent building which was
neglected in recent decades before being restored and re-opened in 2015.
In 1913, Ebbets Field, home of the Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team was
opened. At one time, Flatbush had so many impressive Victorian mansions
(including one belonging to the Vanderbilt Family, which was very close to
today’s Prospect Park subway station), the town was a tourist destination, and
picture postcards of the mansions were popular. In 1957, The Empire Rollerdrome was opened in an old Ebbets Field
parking garage, and by the 1970’s, it was the epicenter for roller disco.
The Flatbush neighborhood is currently bordered
to the north by Crown Heights, to the east by Brownsville/East New York, to the south by Flatbush/Ditmas Park, and to the west by Prospect Park. The area
was also briefly referred to as "Prospect Park East" by real estate
developers in the early 1910's, but that name didn't last, probably because
it's kinda lame. In 1969, residents defined and named a small
neighborhood within the larger Flatbush area “Prospect” (in honor of Prospect
Park) “Lefferts” (in honor of the original prominent Flatbush land-holding Lefferts
family) “Gardens” (due to its close proximity to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden).
In addition to your run-of-the-mill
professionals and immigrants, it's fun to think that what is now Prospect
Lefferts Gardens has over time been a center for baseball fans, horticultural
enthusiasts, park-goers, those needing to make a stopover on their long, horse-drawn journey to Coney Island, and disco roller skaters (including Cher).
 |
| Cher and Bill Butler at the Empire Roller Disco 1979. Photo: Pinterest by way of Brownstoner.com |
Flatbush has always been home to a mixture of
different people, however original homeowners in the Prospect Lefferts Gardens
area were predominantly Dutch farmers. As the area became developed, it
was home to prominent Protestants of Western-European descent. From the
1920’s through the 1950’s, Irish, European Jews, and Italian immigrants settled
in the area. In 1947, Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in Major
League Baseball and began playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers at Ebbets Field,
just north of Flatbush. And in the 1950’s, although the neighborhood
was still 99% white, a handful of black families started to establish
themselves in the area.
Ten years later, in 1960, at the end of PLG’s
first 50 years as an urban neighborhood (as opposed to a sleepy farming town or
Revolutionary War battle site), parts of the neighborhood were changing. Although
there was still a majority of white people, in some census tracts, the majority
had shifted from 99% to around 75%. “White flight,” redlining, and
blockbusting had begun. Within only 10 years, by 1970, black people held
as much as a 70% majority in the blocks East of the Manor (I’ll explain what
The Manor is in a later post). The total
number of people living in PLG in 1970 was reportedly very close to what it had
been 10 years earlier, however there were likely significant numbers of
undocumented black workers from Haiti and other West Indian countries in
residence. Also, the majority of the white population by then would have been
Hassidic Jewish residents from the border of Crown Heights further east.
By the 1980’s, the entirety of PLG was 70-80%
black of either African-Caribbean or African-American descent (two separate
groups which have had tensions between them). The neighborhood has had a
white minority for the past 30-40 years, and since the arrival of my white self
ten years ago, I have occasionally sensed and been witness to expressions of
worry and displeasure from some long-time neighborhood residents that my
presence was a sign of coming gentrification. My neighbors were right, but it took a while. The neighborhood
racial makeup (mostly Afro-Caribbean) stayed generally steady through the
2000's, until the past 3-5 years, which have seen a large influx of young white
people. There has certainly been some racial turnover in home ownership
(as happened with my own house, for example), however today’s new residents are
mostly moving into neighborhood apartment buildings, because what working class
person can afford a house these days?
That pretty much catches you up on the history of
PLG’s human residents. In the next post
on this subject, I’ll explore the architectural history of the neighborhood. Then we'll get to shenanigans, and eventually wrap up.
